Toknes in C++

The smallest individual unit in a program is known as token or a lexical unit.

C++ has the following tokens:-

Keywords

Keywords are the words that convey a special meaning to the language compiler. These are reserved for special purpose and must not be used as normal identifier names

Identifiers

An identifier is an arbitrarily long sequence of letters and digits. The first Characters must be

A letter

The underscore ( _ ) counts as a letter.

Some valid identifiers are

Myfile

DATE9_7_77

Z2T0Z9

Literals

Literals are data items that never change their values during a program run. C++ have several kind of literals

Integer-Constant

Floating –Constant

Character-Constant

String-Literals

Operators

Operators are tokens that trigger some computation when applied to variables and other objects in an expressions.

Following are some of the Operators

&= Address operator

*= Indirection Operator

+= Unary Plus

-=Unary Minus

_= Bitwise Complement

++= Increment operator

--= Decrement operator

!= Logical negation 

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I/0 Library

The Function of I/O library – iostream.h

At the lowest implement level , where the notion of data type is missing and files are treated as streams ob bytes , the I/O library manages the transfer of these bytes.

At the user level , where the notion of data type is present , I/O library manages the interface between these two levels i.e , between user level and the lowest implementations level.

The I/O library  predefines a set of operations for handling reading and writing of built-un data types.

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Basic Concept of Oops

The object oriented programming has been developed with a view to overcome the drawbacks of conventional programming approaches. The oop’s approach is based on certain concepts that helps it attain its goal of overcoming the drawbacks or shortcomings of conventional programming approaches.

The concepts are

     Data Abstraction

Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the background details or explanations.

       Encapsulation

The wrapping up of data and operations / functions (that operate on data) into a single unit (called class) is known as Encapsulation.

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